Anuario Jurídico y Económico Escurialense

Theory of Capital and Positivist Ideology

Emilio Eiranova Encinas — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

We examine the relationship between positivist ideology and the theory of capital. To do this, what positivism in and its effects as ideology in the social sciences are analyzed. From there, it is explained how Marx´s theory of capital and the theory of capital of the Austrian School transfer an ideology to an apparently scientific model. We contrast Hayek´s pure theory of capital with Marx´s theory of capital. Thos serves to highlight the most productive result of Hayek´s pure theory of capital: the imposibility of formalizong entrepreneurial action. In general, strategic action is justifified as a fundamental category in the explanation of practical social disciplines.

The economic functioning od the Holy See the economy of the Vatican City State

Enrique Somavilla Rodriguez — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

The internal management of any institution must be very transparent. For a good and healthy economy, it will have to reduce costs and increase income. As the central government of the Catholic Church, the faithful must be informed in a clear and concise manner. Therefore, it is necessary that Catholics and any person have access with utmost transparency to the economic administration carried out by the Holy See. At all times, it must be considered and known how the Vatican City spends and how much it receives through different channels. The administration of the Patrimony must be credible and visible, also to demonstrate that the moral and social doctrine of the Church are applied, function and are valid. The Holy Father has proceeded to demand external and internal clarity, control and collaboration of the dicastery’s, promoting trust, competence and transparency.

Keywords. Holy See, Vatican City, Church, economy, finance and obolus.

A dynamic relationship between Malasia and Singapur economies, an econometric study.

P Agustin Alonso Rodriguez — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: With the help of a vector autoregressive model for time series analysis, the GDP of these two countries, are compared in order to discover if the differences of character, both physical and political, have an impact in the GDP of these economies, during the period:1960 - 2023.

contribution of the Designation of Origin to export sustainability

Rogelio Jorge-Martín, Julio Fernández Portela — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

This article seeks how added value and the perception of territorial image influence export survival, with a specific focus on Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), the world's largest wine region. To do this, is analyzed the role of Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) in product differentiation and conveying intangible values associated with the territory. The methodology used is based on economic, territorial, official and statistical sources. The results show the importance of coherence between territorial elements, commercial strategy, image projection and export prices. The need to orientate production towards quality wines of differentiated brands quality is highlighted to improve reputation and promote wine tourism. The conclusions underline the role of designation of origin as tools for wine differentiation and promotion, driving export sustainability and the image of the territory.

Rulers of the new economy

Maria Nieves Navarro Mozo — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

The economy like the sociology in minor scale, having an evolution that in some cases and in some thoughts it seem more an involution, and when the artificial intelligence arrives (ahead AI) it is necessary go back at first, so, to concepts about the anthropological changes that we see, therefore, obviously the human intelligence arrives to complex arguments and questions but ¿the AI?.

But not only it is here the topic for understanding, because it is important too knowing what country will lead the technological advancement, and although it seem obvious, we have to mention to EEU and China in this technical career. The result will have consequences in these countries and in other like Latin America or Europe.

Current issues regarding temporary incapacity: new protected situations and gradual recoveries

Lourdes Meléndez Morillo-Velarde — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

Temporary disability is under scrutiny by legislators. Increased spending on benefits, long periods of temporary disability and, ultimately, suspicion of fraud and the need to combat it have made this benefit the subject of numerous reforms. These reforms focus on two areas: improving protection by including new protected situations and improving the management and control of incapacity through a system of progressive discharges which, if approved, will radically change the legal regime governing temporary incapacity.

The transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/1158 in Spain: substantive compliance or formalism?

Ana Isabel Pérez Campos — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

The approval of RDL 9/2025 seeks to complete the belated and controversial transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/1158, which has sparked intense debate focused on: the technical option of integrating parental leave into birth leave, which facilitates coverage but dilutes the identity of the right; effectiveness for the biological mother; and the use of flexible weeks up to the age of eight. The balance points to formal compliance, but with shortcomings in the design of parental leave and uncertain effectiveness beyond the neonatal stage.

Working time recording in the context of domestic work: Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union of 19 December 2024 (case C-531/23, Loredas)

Cristina Ayala del Pino — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

The Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union, Seventh Chamber of 19 of December 2024 (case Loredas, C-531/23), has given response to a preliminary question raised by the High Court of Justice of the Basque Country, Spain, regarding the registration of working hours in domestic employment.

The CJEU has contrary declared, to the Directive 2003/88/EC and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the Spanish legislation and its jurisdictional interpretation or administrative practice based on that legislation, under which domestic employers are exempt the obligation to establish a working day registration system by domestic workers.

The CJEU concludes that such an exemption is incompatible with community regulations cited, as it precludes them to provide of an objective system for working time, violating their labor rights working time limitations.

Consequently, the Judgment declares it is necessary to have a working time registration system in this sector.

Judicial interpretation of laws. Law as music.

Juan Ramón Rodríguez Llamosí — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

The interpretation of laws by judges is necessary for their application in the situations under trial. In music, interpretation by a group of musicians is also necessary. For this reason, there is an affinity between law and music. Through interpretation, they become alive and dynamic. We will examine how judges interpret laws and their musical affinities.

Jerome Frank y las Clínicas jurídicas

Luis Bueno Ochoa — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

This paper includes a Spanish translation of Jerome Frank’s (1889-1957) influential article on Legal Clinics: “Why Not A Clinical Lawyer-School?” (University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 81, no. 8, June 1933, pp. 907-923). To properly introduce and contextualize the relevance of Frank’s visionary work, the paper includes a brief biographical sketch of the author, focusing on his career as a lawyer, public servant, university professor and judge. It also provides a brief overview of Frank’s contributions that led to his status as a pioneer of Clinical Legal Education, advocating that Law Schools follow the model established in Medical Schools. The article concludes with a list of bibliographical references on Frank and Legal Clinics.

Judicial Independence in Spain: Constitutional Foundations, Historical Evolution, and Contemporary Challenges

Garza Grau Enrique — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

Abastract: Judicial independence is one of the essential pillars of the Rule of Law, whose origins trace back to the philosophical principles of Socrates, Locke, and Montesquieu. These thinkers argued that power must be limited by institutional mechanisms to prevent abuse, giving rise to the theory of the separation of powers as a safeguard for political freedom.

In Spain, although the 1978 Constitution enshrines judicial independence in Article 117, the 1985 legislative reform allowed the General Courts to appoint all members of the General Council of the Judiciary (CGPJ), leading to increasing politicization of the body. This situation has weakened the judiciary’s ability to act as a counterbalance to the executive and has fostered public perceptions of a lack of impartiality.

Concerns over this lack of independence have extended beyond national borders. European institutions such as the European Commission, the Group of States against Corruption (GRECO), and the Venice Commission have urged Spain to reform the CGPJ’s selection system. These bodies recommend that judges elect their own representatives and that the Public Prosecutor’s Office be separated from the executive branch.

The European Parliament’s resolution of June 2025 emphasizes that an impartial and accessible justice system is a basic principle of the Rule of Law, and demands that judicial appointments be based solely on professional criteria, free from political interference. This resolution reflects growing European concern over the erosion of institutional checks and balances in Spain.

In this context, judicial independence should not be seen as a corporate privilege, but as a fundamental guarantee for citizens. Its weakening undermines democratic legitimacy and jeopardizes the effective protection of fundamental rights.

The influence of the General Data Protection Regulation on personal data protection regulations in companies in Latin American countries

Ivan Martín Gómez — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

This paper reviews the current state of influence on Latin American data protection legislation based on a comparative analysis of the treatment given by the legislator of each state studied under the framework of the standards established by the Ibero-American Data Protection Network, with the European Regulation and Spanish legislation. Finally, it offers some common suggestions that could be taken into account as the backbone of the necessary regulatory framework for this specific legal area in this geographical region.

Jesus and the Logos of God: augustinians ideas

Manuel Villegas Rodríguez — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

In this review we exposed the theme of the special union of the Logos of God and the man JESÚS. In the present study we focus on highlighting the “Humanity of JESÚS” according to the beautiful and clear doctrine of St. Augustine. We include a reference to Fray Luis de Leon for his masterful literary style and deep knowledge of Hebrew. Specifically in these pages we have collected all the quotations from the New Testament and some other writings of the same period where JESÚS is designated either by his name or by the Greek denomination of the Hebrew word Messiah and the word JESÚS Christ is formed. The quotations we have found amount to more than 1,200. Does the evolution of the proper name of JESÚS suggest any significance? What do we have in mind today when we use any of these three denominations?

Coincidence or Providence?

Kevin Alexander Alvarado Dávila — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

Abstract: In recent decades, contemporary history has been marked by three successive crises: twentieth-century totalitarianism, postmodern relativism, and indifferent globalization. These challenges found a response in the pontificates of John Paul II, Benedict XVI, and Francis. Each, from his historical context and pastoral sensitivity, addressed the challenges of his time by illuminating them with the power of the Gospel: freedom in the face of fear, truth in the face of doubt, and fraternity in the face of exclusion. Their joint action reveals a providential continuity in the Church’s mission, capable of engaging with history without losing its identity.

Energy Saving and Eco-schools: A Proposal for Environmental Didactics

Miguel Jesús López serrano, Alberto Membrillo del Pozo — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

Global climate changes and the current energy crisis, which was initially triggered by the pandemic and subsequently intensified into a worldwide crisis due to the war in Ukraine, have caused a significant increase in electricity costs. This has made it extremely difficult for many institutions, families, and businesses to afford.

For these reasons, the need has arisen to develop an improvement proposal focused on energy saving and efficiency within an Eco-school located in the city of Córdoba. The primary objective of this project is to positively influence the behavior of the target population toward energy by promoting its saving and efficiency. This initiative is designed for the entire school community.

some incidents in the power of attorney and will of the indian christobal canchi (gobernación de tucumán, 1731)

Margarita Elvira Gentile Lafaille — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

This paper presents and studies some aspects of the will of an Indian from the Tucumán governorate during the changes in the colonial administration and in the years leading up to the 1780 rebellion, particularly the maneuvers to secure his change of allegiance in order to receive certain unknown lands promised by the king for his participation in entrances, malocas, and chacos. As in other well-known cases, the will is used as a document valid enough to endorse debits and credits and establish the family unit. The absence of his encomendero during these proceedings is also notable.

The Poor, Pope Francis, and Saint Thomas of Villanova

Francisco Javier Campos y Fernámdez de Sevilla — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

This work addresses the specific matter of the relationship with the poor chosen by Pope Francis for the ceremony of his funeral, and that of Saint Thomas of Villanova with Emperor Charles V when in 1546 he asked for financial help to fortify the island of Ibiza.

Bibliography on the History of Broadcasting in Spain

Francisco José Montes Fernández — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0100

Compilation of documents — books, pamphlets, leaflets and brochures, newspaper articles, and photographic albums — on the history of broadcasting in Spain.